Living guidelines updates
The Stroke Foundation’s Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Management have evolved into the world's first living stroke guidelines as the next generation of health evidence translation.
We continually monitor for new evidence relevant to the guideline topics. Any topics that have not been updated can be considered current.
- Draft recommendations for public consultation
- New and updated recommendations
- Versions published including minor changes
- Suggest new topics or questions
Draft recommendations for public consultation
When new research evidence leads to a change in recommendations, our Guidelines Working Group prepares drafts to be submitted to the NHMRC for approval under section 14A of the National Health and Medical Research Council Act 1992.
As part of the approval process, we are seeking public submissions on the following draft recommendations. Submissions must be received by 5 pm, Wednesday 20 November 2024.
You can make a submission by following the links below to the MAGICapp platform, and leaving a comment under the Feedback tab below each recommendation. Please note you need to sign in to MAGICapp to leave a comment. Create an account for free at MAGICapp.org.
Topic | Change |
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) management: Surgical interventions (Chapter 3) | New weak recommendation for lobar ICH, and excluded ICH from existing recommendation. Updated consensus-based recommendation to include hemicraniectomy. |
Cerebral venous thrombosis (Chapter 4) | Recommendation updated to include direct oral anticoagulant treatment following new published trials. |
Sleep disorders (Chapter 6) |
New weak recommendation for continuous positive airway pressure use in sleep-disordered breathing. New practice points on suspected sleep-disordered breathing, and on continuation of treatment for previously diagnosed sleep disorders. |
Carer support (Chapter 8) |
Weak recommendation for psychological and social support for carers, replaces previous consensus recommendation. |
New and updated recommendations
Recommendations for the following topics have been updated based on new research evidence, in accordance with the 2016 NHMRC Standards for Guidelines.
Topic | Date | Change |
Management of atrial fibrillation (Chapter 4) | 8/12/2023 | Updated weak recommendation based on a major new trial that specifies when to commence or recommence anticoagulation after ischaemic stroke. |
Neurointervention (Chapter 3) | 27/07/2023 | Consolidated into one recommendation for endovascular clot retrieval in the internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery, or basilar artery within 0–24 hours. Added a consensus-based recommendation for extending the time window for clot retrieval past 24 hours if imaging suggests there is salvageable brain tissue. |
Oxygen therapy (Chapter 3) | 27/07/2023 | Oxygen therapy to be considered when the saturation (SpO2) is less than 92% instead of less than 93%, and the target oxygen level changed to 92–96%, in line with the updated position statement from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand. |
Central post-stroke pain (Chapter 6) | 27/07/2023 | New topic, with a consensus-based recommendation for cautious trials with planned follow-up of tricyclic antidepressant or antiepileptic medication to reduce pain, and non-pharmacological interventions only to be used within a research framework. |
Driving (Chapter 8) | 27/07/2023 | Updated consensus recommendation, including non-driving periods following stroke or TIA and the process for fitness-to-drive assessments, to be consistent with the new edition of Assessing Fitness to Drive by Austroads (2022) and to include the Medical Aspects of Fitness to Drive by Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency. |
Aphasia (Chapter 6) | 6/12/2022 | Communication partner training should be provided to health professionals or volunteers who interact with people with aphasia after stroke, and it may also be provided to their carers or family members. |
Urinary incontinence (Chapter 6) | 6/12/2022 | Weak recommendation for structured continence management plans, for patients in hospital with confirmed continence difficulties, updated with new evidence. |
Pre-hospital care (Chapter 1) | 5/08/2022 | New recommendation for pre-hospital treatment in a mobile stroke unit, for eligible patients in major cities. |
Assessment for rehabilitation (Chapter 3) | 5/08/2022 | Updated wording in practice point to clarify that options include locally developed assessment tools (not subject to public consultation). |
Aphasia (Chapter 5) | 5/08/2022 | Speech and language therapy now recommended to improve reading and auditory comprehension, and general expressive and written language, in addition to functional communication. Upgraded from weak to strong recommendation for early aphasia therapy starting in the first 4 weeks post stroke. New weak recommendation for intensive aphasia therapy for stroke survivors with chronic aphasia, plus changes to weak recommendation for intensity of aphasia therapy in the acute phase. Updated wording in weak recommendation against brain stimulation. |
Dysarthria (Chapter 5) | 5/08/2022 | Tailored interventions that include speech production tasks targeting connected speech may be provided, e.g. reducing rate of speaking, emphasising articulatory placement or increasing loudness. Removed recommendation against non-speech oromotor exercises, which is addressed in the practical info of the main recommendation. |
Prevention of depression (Chapter 6) | 5/08/2022 | Changed from weak recommendation against to weak recommendation for antidepressant medication. |
Treatment for depression (Chapter 6) | 5/08/2022 | Recommendation for antidepressants changed from strong to weak, plus new recommendation that psychological therapy may be used, and updated recommendation for structured exercise programs to include resistance training. Non-invasive brain stimulation changed to weak recommendation for, from weak against. |
Treatment for anxiety (Chapter 6) | 5/08/2022 | New consensus recommendation that psychological therapy and/or relaxation strategies may be trialled, with the addition of pharmacotherapy carefully considered. |
Personality and behaviour (Chapter 6) | 5/08/2022 | New consensus recommendation that behavioural changes should be assessed and addressed through individually tailored interventions for survivors of stroke and their families/carers. |
Pressure injury (Chapter 6) | 5/08/2022 | Reestablished practice point that staff and carers of patients at risk of pressure injuries should be trained to assess, provide care and treat pressure injuries consistent with existing guidelines. |
Pre-hospital care (Chapter 1) | 22/12/2021 | New practice point for regular education to help clinicians identify stroke patients. |
Acute stroke telehealth services (Chapter 3) | 22/12/2021 | New topic with recommendation for telestroke systems to help assess patients for thrombolysis and transfer for endovascular therapy, where 24/7 onsite specialists are unavailable. |
Head position (Chapter 3) | 22/12/2021 | New topic with recommendation that any position may be used in the first 24 hours after hospital admission, while in bed and not receiving nasogastric feeding. |
Management of atrial fibrillation (Chapter 4) | 22/12/2021 | Closing off the opening to the left atrial appendage may be reasonable when long-term anticoagulation is not possible. |
Lifestyle modifications (Chapter 4) | 22/12/2021 | Everyone who has had a stroke or TIA may be given interventions addressing secondary stroke risk factors, with support and counselling, reviews by health care professionals, and exercise training. Also, a new consensus recommendation for a Mediterranean or similar style diet, and referral to a dietitian for individualised advice. |
Arm activity (Chapter 5) | 22/12/2021 | Virtual reality and interactive games may now be used with any timing and duration, and independently of impairment severity. |
Memory (Chapter 5) | 22/12/2021 | Cognitive rehabilitation, including both internal strategies and external aids, may be used to improve memory function in the short term. |
Telehealth in rehabilitation (Chapter 5) | 22/12/2021 | New topic with recommendation that telehealth services may be used as an adjunct to in-person therapy, or an alternative for patients who cannot access specialist rehab in the community. |
Swelling of the extremities (Chapter 6) | 22/12/2021 | Passive mobilisation is now recommended for prevention and management, along with elevation of the limb when resting. |
Antiplatelet therapy (Chapter 4) | 7/07/2021 | Restarting antiplatelet therapy can be considered after the acute phase of an intracerebral haemorrhage if the person was previously on antithrombotic therapy. |
Standing (Chapter 5) | 7/07/2021 | Recommendation for task-specific practice now split into a strong recommendation for activities that challenge balance, plus a weak recommendation for adding on virtual reality training, visual or auditory feedback or electromechanical assistance. |
Activities of daily living (Chapter 5) | 7/07/2021 | Updated from strong recommendation against to a weak recommendation against routinely using acupuncture to improve activities of daily living. In addition, a new weak recommendation against using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to reduce disability. |
Fatigue (Chapter 6) | 7/07/2021 | Minor wording changes and a mention of cognitive behavioural therapy as a possible intervention. |
Sexuality (Chapter 8) | 7/07/2021 | New evidence added, but no change in recommendation apart from minor wording changes. |
Acute antiplatelet therapy (Chapter 3) | 11/02/2021 | A new drug, ticagrelor, in combination with aspirin soon after a minor ischaemic stroke or high-risk transient ischaemic attack, may be considered to prevent another stroke. |
Oxygen therapy (Chapter 3) | 11/02/2021 | More specific targets and thresholds set for blood oxygen levels, above which supplemental oxygen should not be given. |
Cholesterol lowering therapy (Chapter 4) | 11/02/2021 | A new target set for lowering LDL cholesterol to prevent further strokes and cardiovascular disease. |
Weakness (Chapter 5) | 11/02/2021 | Added new evidence for recovery of muscle strength with progressive resistance training. Also a new recommendation for certain types of repetitive practice. |
Shoulder pain (Chapter 6) | 11/02/2021 | Electrical stimulation may now be used for pain management, when previously it was recommended against. Acupuncture may also be used to reduce pain. |
Thrombolysis (Chapter 3) | 7/11/2019 | Time window for intravenous thrombolysis extended up to 9 hours after a person has had their stroke, if brain scans show they will benefit. The 9 hours can be counted from the mid-point of sleep if the person woke up with stroke symptoms. Tenecteplase may also be used in thrombolysis as an alternative to alteplase, especially for people with a blockage in large brain arteries. |
Acute antithrombotic therapy (Chapter 3) | 7/11/2019 | Upgrade to strong recommendation for taking the antiplatelet medications aspirin and clopidogrel together in the first three weeks after a minor stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). |
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) management (Chapter 4) | 7/11/2019 | Closing a PFO (patent foramen ovale) is recommended when people under 60 years old have had a stroke, and other possible causes of their stroke have been ruled out. |
See all current recommendations in the Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Management.
Versions published including minor changes
In addition to public consultations and recommendation updates listed above, the guidelines are republished in MAGICapp whenever there is new evidence added, or changes to practical information or other text.
These various changes are listed below, with the version number of each chapter. Please note that some versions are not listed as they were either published for administrative reasons with no important changes, or multiple versions were published on the same day and only the last one is listed.
A full version history be found in the Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Management.
NOTE: Chapters and topics that have note been updated can be considered current, with new evidence being monitored but nothing identified.
Chapter | Version | Date | Comment |
8 Community participation and long-term care | v7.0 | 11/01/2023 | Public consultation opens for changes to driving recommendation. |
5 Rehabilitation | v10.0 | 9/12/2022 | New recommendations for the aphasia topic. |
6 Managing complications | v10.0 | 9/12/2022 | Update to the recommendation for the urinary incontinence topic. |
5 Rehabilitation | v9.1 | 12/09/2022 | Release of public consultation for communication partner training recommendations. |
6 Managing complications | v9.1 | 12/09/2022 | Public consultation opens for minor change to incontinence recommendation. |
3 Acute medical and surgical management | v10.3 | 5/08/2022 | Updated introduction following approved topics by NHMRC. Updated background references for several topics (reperfusion, acute blood pressure, ICH management). |
1 Pre-hospital care | v8.2 | 9/05/2022 | Republished post public consultation. |
6 Managing complications | v8.1 | 1/04/2022 | Added new draft recommendation for personality and behaviour. |
1 Pre-hospital care | v8.0 | 16/03/2022 | New (draft) recommendation for mobile stroke units for public consultation. |
3 Acute medical and surgical management | v10.2 | 20/01/2022 | Published post approval of multiple topics by NHMRC. |
6 Managing complications | v7.10 | 20/01/2022 | Published due to approval of several topics by NHMRC. |
6 Managing complications | v7.9 | 5/11/2021 | Added new evidence for urge incontinence, and decision aid for specialised professional input. |
6 Managing complications | v7.6 | 11/08/2021 | Updating heading after public consultation. |
7 Discharge planning and transfer of care | v5.5 | 1/07/2021 | Added practical info for carer training. |
4 Secondary prevention | v8.6 | 15/06/2021 | Update to lifestyle modification recommendations for public consultation. |
5 Rehabilitation | v7.0 | 10/06/2021 | Updated evidence for walking and added decision aids. |
3 Acute medical and surgical management | v10.1 | 8/06/2021 | Updated evidence for recommendations about decompressive hemicraniectomy surgery for ischaemic stroke. |
4 Secondary prevention | v8.5 | 7/06/2021 | Updated recommendation for management of atrial fibrillation. |
6 Managing complications | v7.3 | 7/06/2021 | Draft updates to swelling of the extremities. |
1 Pre-hospital care | v6.8 | 3/06/2021 | New (second) draft practice point for public consultation June 2021. |
4 Secondary prevention | v8.4 | 25/05/2021 | Added practical info to cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, with advice related to COVID-19 vaccines. |
6 Managing complications | v7.2 | 13/05/2021 | Oral hygiene: updated evidence and practical info. Subluxation: added new evidence and decision aids for consensus-based recommendation on use of supports and slings. |
1 Pre-hospital care | v6.7 | 5/05/2021 | Updated evidence for recommendation about ambulance services transferring suspected stroke patients and pre-notifying hospital. |
5 Rehabilitation | v6.1 | 17/03/2021 | Arm activity: updated evidence, moved information on trunk restraint during therapy to practical info of strong recommendation for constraint-induced movement therapy. Visual field loss: added practical info about screening of visual function and daily living with visual field loss post stroke. Standing balance: updated practical info for virtual reality recommendation, and added decision aids. Activities of daily living: added new evidence, updated and added practical info for several recommendations. Perception: added practical info about assessing perceptual difficulties. Attention and concentration: added and updated evidence. Executive function: added new evidence and updated practical info. Neglect: updated evidence and practical info. |
4 Secondary prevention | v8.1 | 16/03/2021 | Previous draft recommendation for cholesterol lowering now approved by NHMRC. New draft antiplatelet therapy recommendation for ICH, updated evidence, included new brand names in practical info, and added decision aids. Updated evidence for carotid surgery, added and updated practical info for all recommendations, to describe optimal medical management. Fixed typos for blood pressure recommendation. |
6 Managing complications | v7.1 | 16/03/2021 | Contracture: minor wording change and updated evidence, rationale and practical info for recommendation against routine use of splints and stretch. Subluxation: added new evidence to recommendation for electrical stimulation. Faecal incontinence: practical info added, including link to recommendations from Continence Foundation of Australia, and an assessment and treatment protocol flowchart. Prevention of depression: updated evidence, removed decision aid for psychotherapy. Deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism: added evidence and decision aids to practice points. |
1 Pre-hospital care | v6.6 | 12/02/2021 | Added new reference to resources considerations under evidence to decision, and to practical info. |
2 Early assessment and diagnosis | v6.5 | 12/02/2021 | Minor changes to introduction based on new approved topics by NHMRC. |
3 Acute medical and surgical management | v9.0 | 12/02/2021 | Updated eligibility criteria under practical info for intravenous thrombolysis within 4.5 hours of stroke onset. |
7 Discharge planning and transfer of care | v5.4 | 12/02/2021 | Added new evidence to information and education, and added practical info to home assessment about assistive technology for safe discharge and OT home visits. |
8 Community participation and long-term care | v6.1 | 12/02/2021 | Added new evidence for self-management and return to work; replaced decision aid for leisure with practical info; added background evidence, practical info and decision aid for sexuality; and updated evidence and rationale for peer support and replaced decision aid with practical info. |
3 Acute medical and surgical management | v8.3 | 16/09/2020 | New draft recommendation added for Aspirin plus ticagrelor in minor stroke and TIA. Fixed minor spelling errors. |
5 Rehabilitation | v6.0 | 11/09/2020 | Changes to recommendations for weakness. Changes to the structure. Added new evidence to commencement of rehabilitation (formerly early mobilisation), new reference to resources considerations for goal setting, and practical info to practice point on screening for limb apraxia. |
6 Managing complications | v6.0 | 11/09/2020 | Changes to recommendations for shoulder pain. Updated background evidence in weak recommendation against use of stretch for spasticity, added new background evidence for strapping for shoulder pain, updated background evidence for treatment for emotionalism (formerly treatment for emotional distress), updated background evidence and added decision aids for treatment for depression, and updated background evidence and practical info for falls. |
4 Secondary prevention | v7.0 | 8/09/2020 |
New recommendation for cholesterol lowering therapy; updated background evidence and practical info for anticoagulation therapy in management of atrial fibrillation; updated background text and references for patent foramen ovale management. |
3 Acute medical and surgical management | v8.1 | 7/09/2020 | Draft recommendation updates made to oxygen therapy; background changes made to stroke unit care, palliative care, surgery for ischaemic stroke, neuroprotection, pyrexia management. Updates made to glycaemic therapy. |
7 Discharge planning and transfer of care | v5.3 | 3/09/2020 | Updated practical info for information and education, added practical info to strong recommendation for comprehensive discharge care plans, and expanded practical info on consensus-based recommendation for discharge care planner coordination. |
8 Community participation and long-term care | v5.3 | 3/09/2020 | Added practical info for self-management; expanded practical info for driving, community mobility and outdoor travel, and return to work; added new evidence and decision aids for leisure therapy and peer support; and added decision aid for carer support and information. |
1 Pre-hospital care | v6.5 | 1/09/2020 | Updated practical info for interventions by paramedics. |
4 Secondary prevention | v6.4 | 10/06/2020 | Cholesterol lowering therapy: updated practical info for use of statins after ischaemic stroke or TIA. Cervical artery dissection: one additional sentence added to 'Benefits and harms' and 'Evidence summary' to include outcomes of previously included study; no change to recommendation. Hormone replacement therapy: added new reference to introduction, benefits and harms and evidence summary; no change to recommendation. Oral contraception: update to rationale and practical info only; no change to recommendation. Other minor terminology edits. |
2 Early assessment and diagnosis | v6.4 | 21/11/2019 | Modified order of PICOs under 'Imaging'. |
5 Rehabilitation | v5.4 | 21/11/2019 | Reordered PICO questions to correct numbering. |
6 Managing complications | v5.4 | 21/11/2019 | Correct PICO numbering to remove repetition. |
1 Pre-hospital care | v6.4 | 7/11/2019 | Updated wording for first recommendation and rationale. Also updated NHMRC approval to due to updated topics in chapter 3 and 4. Updated recommended citation. |
2 Early assessment and diagnosis | v6.3 | 7/11/2019 | Updated introduction. |
3 Acute medical and surgical management | v7.0 | 7/11/2019 | Updated recommendations for thrombolysis and acute antiplatelet therapy. Introduction updated also. |
4 Secondary prevention | v6.0 | 7/11/2019 | Updated recommendation for PFO closure and updated introduction. |
5 Rehabilitation | v5.3 | 7/11/2019 | Updated introduction. |
6 Managing complications | v5.3 | 7/11/2019 | Updated introduction. |
3 Acute medical and surgical management | v6.0 | 30/07/2019 | New (draft) recommendations for thrombolysis topic and draft change to the acute antiplatelet recommendation for minor stroke/TIA. |
4 Secondary prevention | v5.7 | 30/07/2019 | Changed recommendation for PFO for public consultation. Removed numbering of sections. Updated introduction, updated labels throughout and incorporated draft changes to antiplatelet section from chapter 3. |
3 Acute medical and surgical management | v5.8 | 10/07/2018 | Updated neurointervention with endovascular clot retrieval (ECR) approval from NHMRC, updated background text, and updated grade summary tags for extended window recommendation. Updated link to Assessment for Rehabilitation Tool. |
3 Acute medical and surgical management | v5.2 | 29/03/2018 | Updated recommendations for Section 8.2 Neurointervention. |
4 Secondary prevention | v5.2 | 21/03/2018 | Changed aspirin dose for antiplatelet therapy. |
1 Pre-hospital care | v6.0 | 7/09/2017 | Final version of 2017 Clinical Guidelines. |
2 Early assessment and diagnosis | v6.0 | 7/09/2017 | Final version of 2017 Clinical Guidelines. |
3 Acute medical and surgical management | v5.0 | 7/09/2017 | Final version of 2017 Clinical Guidelines. |
4 Secondary prevention | v5.0 | 7/09/2017 | Final version of 2017 Clinical Guidelines. |
5 Rehabilitation | v5.0 | 7/09/2017 | Final version of 2017 Clinical Guidelines. |
6 Managing complications | v5.0 | 7/09/2017 | Final version of 2017 Clinical Guidelines. |
7 Discharge planning and transfer of care | v5.0 | 7/09/2017 | Final version of 2017 Clinical Guidelines. |
8 Community participation and long-term care | v5.0 | 7/09/2017 | Final version of 2017 Clinical Guidelines. |
Suggest a new topic or question
To keep our living guidelines relevant, we annually review the topics the guidelines cover and the questions about practice that they answer. The current topics make up the table of contents of the Clinical Guidelines.
We welcome your suggestions for new topics that you believe are critical to include. New topics will be considered during our project steering committee's annual review.
Please email your suggestions to guidelines@strokefoundation.org.au